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Lubricant, Cetyl Alcohol, 1-Hexadecanol, Application to FastenersAS87132A (Current)05/01/2024
This specification establishes the requirements for flake or granular cetyl alcohol, solvents for dissolving the cetyl alcohol, preparation and application requirements for use of cetyl alcohol as an installation lubricant on mechanical fasteners, such as pins, bolts, nuts, washers, threaded or nonthreaded fastening devices, and inspection criteria for coated partsE-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Technical Standard
Architecture Framework for Unmanned SystemsAIR5665C (Current)05/01/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes the Architecture Framework for Unmanned Systems (AFUS). AFUS comprises a Conceptual View, a Capabilities View, and an Interoperability View. The Conceptual View provides definitions and background for key terms and concepts used in the unmanned systems domain. The Capabilities View uses terms and concepts from the Conceptual View to describe capabilities of unmanned systems and of other entities in the unmanned systems domain. The Interoperability View provides guidance on how to design and develop systems in a way that supports interoperabilityAS-4JAUS Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems Committee
Information Report
Emergency Evacuation Slides, Ramps, Ramp/Slides, and Slide/RaftsAS8994 (Current)05/01/2024
This AS provides the minimum performance requirements for the following types of inflatable emergency evacuation devices (hereinafter referred to as device[s]): 1 Type I - Inflatable Slide: A device suitable for assisting occupants in descending from a floor-level airplane exit or from an airplane wing to the ground. A Type I off-wing slide is a device that does not include a ramp. 2 Type II - Inflatable Slide/Raft: A device suitable for assisting occupants in descending from a floor-level airplane exit or an airplane wing to the ground that is also designed to be used as a life raft. A Type II off-wing slide/raft is a device that does not include a ramp. 3 Type III - Inflatable Exit Ramp: A device suitable for assisting occupants in descending from certain overwing exits to an airplane wing. 4 Type IV - Inflatable Ramp/Slide: A device suitable for assisting occupants from an overwing exit or airplane wing to the ground. It is a combination ramp and wing-to-ground device. 5 Type VS-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Technical Standard
Experimental Analysis of Kerf Characteristics of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer with Abrasive Water Jet Machining05-17-02-001305/01/2024
This research looks into how abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) can be used on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials, specifically how the kerf characteristics change with respect to change in process parameters. We carefully looked into four important process parameters: stand-off distance (SOD), water pressure (WP), traverse rate (TR), and abrasive mass flow rate (AMFR). The results showed that as SOD goes up, the kerf taper angle goes up because of jet dispersion, but as WP goes up, the angle goes down because jet kinetic energy goes up. The TR was directly related to the kerf taper angle, but it made the process less stable. The kerf drop angle was not greatly changed by AMFR. When it came to kerf top width, SOD made it wider, WP made it narrower, TR made it narrower, and AMFR made it a little wider. When the settings (SOD: 1 mm, WP: 210 MPa, TR: 150 mm/min, AMFR: 200 g/min) were optimized, the kerf taper angle and kerf top width were lowered. This improved the accuracyChandgude, Abhimanyu, Barve, Shivprakash B.
Journal Article
Mapping out future vehicle cockpits24AUTD05_0905/01/2024
Game-like navigation visuals Conversational-style voice commands. Contactless biometric sensing. A tidal wave of software code and sensing technologies are being prepped to alter in-vehicle activities. Two supplier companies, TomTom and Mitsubishi Electric Automotive America (MEAA), recently presented their concept cockpit demonstrators to media at TomTom's North American corporate offices in Farmington Hills, Michigan. A few highlightsBuchholz, Kami
Magazine Article
Copper, Sheet, Strip, and Plate Soft AnnealedAMS4500L (Current)05/01/2024
This specification covers unalloyed copper in the form of sheet, strip, and plate at least 0.015 inch (0.38 mm) in nominal thicknessAMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Magnesium Alloy, Extrusions, 5.5Zn - 0.45Zr (ZK60A-T5), Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4352K (Current)05/01/2024
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, tubing, and profiles up to 40 square inches (258 cm2) in cross-sectional area (solids) and up to 8.5 inches (216 mm) OD by 1.188 inches (30.18 mm) wall thickness (tubing) (see 8.5AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Sheet and Plate, Magnesium Alloy 3.0Al - 1.0Zn - 0.20Mn (AZ31B-O) Annealed and RecrystallizedAMS4375N (Current)05/01/2024
This specification covers a magnesium alloy in the form of sheet and plate from 0.016 to 3.000 inches (0.41 to 76.20 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.5AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Control System for Regenerative Braking Efficiency in Electric Vehicles with Electro-Actuated Brakes10-08-02-001505/01/2024
This article presents the design and the analysis of a control logic capable of optimizing vehicle’s energy consumption during a braking maneuver. The idea arose with the purpose of enhancing regeneration and health management in electric vehicles with electro-actuated brakes. Regenerative braking improves energy efficiency and allows a considerable reduction in secondary emissions, but its efficiency is strongly dependent on the state of charge (SoC) of the battery. In the analyzed case, a vehicle equipped with four in-wheel motors (one for each wheel), four electro-actuated brakes, and a battery was considered. The proposed control system can manage and optimize electrical and energy exchanges between the driveline’s components according to the working conditions, monitoring parameters such as SoC of the battery, brake temperature, battery temperature, motor temperature, and acts to optimize the total energy consumption. The solution devised allows first to maximize the effects ofTempone, Giuseppe Pio, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Imberti, Giovanni, Carello, Massimiliana
Journal Article
Lighting and Marking of Earthmoving Work MachinesJ1029_202405 (Current)05/01/2024
This SAE Standard establishes minimum requirements for lighting and marking earthmoving work machinery as defined in SAE J1116. It may be used as guidance for other types of machinery. Earthmoving work machines are normally operated off-highway. Therefore, this SAE document is not intended to be used as a basis for regulations by those having authority over on-highway motor vehiclesOPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Technical Standard
SAE BRIEFS: The Future of Hydrogen-Powered Class 8 Vehicles1345104/30/2024
With all the hype around battery EVs, what role will hydrogen propulsion play in the future of sustainable transportation? The answer is a significant one, especially in the heavy-duty truck market. Listen in as Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Steve Mathison, Vice President and Hydrogen Technologies Fellow at FirstElement Fuel and sponsor of SAE Standard J2601/5 to discuss why large trucks, particularly Class 8, are ideal for hydrogen propulsion--and what we can expect from hydrogen-powered medium and heavy-duty vehicles over the next decade. For more information about the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can read about how the Mercedes eSprinter electric delivery van will be a force for creating jobsHineman, Marcie
Podcast
Anti-Rollover Control for All-Terrain Vehicle Based on Zero-Moment Point2024-01-505504/30/2024
To investigate the rollover phenomena experienced by all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) during their motion caused by input from the road surface, a combined simulation using CarSim and Simulink has been employed to validate an active anti-rollover control strategy based on differential braking for ATVs, followed by vehicle testing. In the research process, a nonlinear three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle model has been developed. By utilizing a zero-moment point index as a rollover warning indicator, this approach could accurately detect the rollover status of the vehicle, particularly in scenarios involving low road adhesion on unpaved surfaces, which are characteristic of ATV operation. The differential braking, generating a roll moment by adjusting the amount of lateral force each braked tire can generate, was proved as an effective method to enhance rolling stability. Simulation and on-road testing results indicated that this control strategy effectively monitored the state of the ATV andHong, Hanchi, Wang, Kuan, d’Apolito, Luigi, Quan, Kangning, Yao, Xu
Technical Paper
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Autonomous Air Taxis Take Flight1345004/29/2024
The best way to bring safety and scalability into eVTOL flight is to do so autonomously. Why? Because increased automation doesn't eliminate humans, it allows them to focus on higher level tasks that make scaling air taxis safer and more accessible. That's the vision behind Wisk Aero, an urban air-mobility company on a mission to leave traffic on the ground and make sustainable, autonomous flight a reality for everyday life. The company is building and certifying the world's first autonomous eVTOL aircraft for commercial passenger use and working with the FAA on a type certification program. To learn more, we sat down with Brian Yutko, CEO, Wisk Aero, to discuss the company's critical interface between autonomy and human oversight, working with the FAA from a regulatory standpoint, the strategic advantages of the Wisk's aircraft design, and the future of autonomous eVTOL flightHineman, Marcie
Podcast
Determination of Air–Fuel Ratio at 1 kHz via Mid-Infrared Laser Absorption and Fast Flame Ionization Detector Measurements in Engine-Out Vehicle Exhaust03-17-05-003904/29/2024
Measurements of air–fuel ratio (AFR) and λ (AFRactual/AFRstoich) are crucial for understanding internal combustion engine (ICE) performance. However, current λ sensors suffer from long light-off times (on the order of seconds following a cold start) and limited time resolution. In this study, a four-color mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) sensor was developed to provide 5 kHz measurements of temperature, CO, CO2, and NO in engine-out exhaust. This LAS sensor was then combined with 1 kHz hydrocarbon (HC) measurements from a flame ionization detector (FID), and the Spindt exhaust gas analysis method to provide 1 kHz measurements of λ. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time-resolved measurement of λ during engine cold starts using the full Spindt method. Three tests with various engine AFR calibrations were conducted and analyzed: (1) 10% lean, (2) stoichiometric, and (3) 10% rich. The measurements were acquired in the exhaust of a light-duty truck with an 8Stiborek, Joshua W., Kempema, Nathan J., Schwartz, Charles J., Szente, Joseph J., Loos, Michael J., Goldenstein, Christopher S.
Journal Article
Influence of Machining Parameters on Tungsten Carbide Inserts in ANSYS Analysis of Maraging Steel Machining2024-01-505704/29/2024
The machining process is employed to transform a workpiece into a predefined geometry with the assistance of a cutting tool. Throughout this process, the cutting tool undergoes various adverse effects, including deformation, stress, thermal gradient, and more, all of which impact tool sharpness, surface finish, and tool life. These outcomes are also influenced by cutting parameters, specifically cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The present investigation aims to demonstrate the application of ANSYS analysis software in predicting stress, deformation, thermal gradient, and other factors on the tool insert tip for various machining parameters. To achieve this, an experimental setup was arranged to collect cutting force and temperature data using a dynamometer and thermocouples during the machining process of maraging steel with a tungsten carbide tool insert. Experiments were conducted with different combinations of machining parameters using design of experiments (DoE). TheBalasubramanian, K., Jeyakumar, R., Rajendran, C., Kandavalli, Sumanth Ratna
Technical Paper
Optimizing Carbon Monoxide Emission Reduction Using Rice Husk Activated Carbon in Automobile Exhaust Systems2024-01-505404/29/2024
This research effort is to optimize the conditions to minimize carbon monoxide (CO) gas emissions utilizing activated carbon derived from rice husks, an abundant agricultural waste. In the automobile industry, addressing vehicular emissions is crucial due to environmental ramifications and stringent regulatory mandates. This study presents an innovative and potentially cost-effective solution to capture CO emissions, mainly from motorcycles. The eco-friendly nature of using rice husks and the detailed findings on optimal conditions (20 m/s gas flow rate, 0.47 M citric acid concentration, and 30 g mass of activated carbon) make this research invaluable. These conditions achieved a commendable CO adsorption rate of 54.96 ppm over 1250 s. Essentially, the insights from this research could spearhead the development of sustainable automobile exhaust systems. By integrating activated carbon into these systems, there’s potential to capture CO and possibly other detrimental gases, reducing theNatrayan, L., Seeniappan, Kaliappan
Technical Paper
Exploring the Mechanical Properties of Modified Pistachio Shell Particulate Composites through Experimental Investigation2024-01-505204/29/2024
The present study focuses on the impacts of pistachio shell particles (2–10 wt.%) on the mechanical and microstructures properties of Al–Cu–Mg/pistachio shell particulate composites. To inspect the impact of the pistachio shell powder content with Al–Cu–Mg alloys, the experimentation was carried out with different alloy samples with constant copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) content. Parameters such as hardness, tensile strength with yield strength and % elongation, impact energy, and microstructure were analyzed. The outcomes demonstrated that the uniform dissemination of the pistachio shell particles with the microstructure of Al–Cu–Mg/pistachio shell composite particulates is the central point liable for the enhancement of the mechanical properties. Incorporating pistachio shell particles, up to 10 wt.%, is a cost-effective reinforcement in the production of metal matrix composites for various manufacturing applicationsOm Prakash, S., Srinivasan, V., Selvaraj, Dinesh Kirupha, Nandhakumar, S., Dharmaraj, T.B.
Technical Paper
A Virtual Calibration Strategy and Its Validation for Large-Scale Models of Multi-Sheet Self-Piercing Rivet Connections05-17-03-001604/29/2024
This article presents a strategy for the virtual calibration of a large-scale model representing a self-piercing rivet (SPR) connection. The connection is formed between a stack of three AA6016-T4 aluminum sheets and one SPR. The calibration process involves material characterization, a detailed riveting process simulation, virtual joint unit tests, and the final large-scale model calibration. The virtual tests were simulated by detailed solid element FE models of the joint unit. These detailed models were validated using experimental tests, namely peeling, single-lap joint, and cross-tests. The virtual parameter calibration was compared to the experimental calibration and finally applied to component test simulations. The article contains both experiments and numerical models to characterize the mechanical behavior of the SPR connection under large deformation and failureAndré, Victor, Costas, Miguel, Langseth, Magnus, Morin, David
Journal Article
Effects of Injection Molding on <italic>Linum usitatissimum</italic> Fiber Polyvinyl Chloride Composites for Automotive Underbody Shields and Floor Trays2024-01-505304/29/2024
The automotive sector’s growing focus on sustainability has been spurred to investigate the creation of sustainable resources for different parts, emphasizing enhancing efficiency and minimizing environmental harm. For use in automobile flooring trays and underbody shields, this study examines the impact of injection molding on composite materials made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Linum usitatissimum (flax) fibers. As processed organic fiber content was increased, the bending and tensile rigidity initially witnessed an upsurge, peaking at a specific fiber loading. At this optimal loading, the composite exhibited tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus values of 41.26 MPa, 52.32 MPa, and 2.65 GPa, respectively. Given their deformation resistance and impact absorption attributes, the mechanical properties recorded suggest that such composites can be efficiently utilized for automotive underbody shields and floor trays. The inherent structure of the flax fiber withinNatrayan, L., Kaliappan, Seeniappan, Balaji, V., Mahesh, V.
Technical Paper
Se (IV)-Doped Monodisperse Spherical TiO <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles for Adhesively Bonded Joint Reinforcing: Synthesis and Characterization05-17-03-001704/27/2024
This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of monodisperse spherical TiO2 nanoparticles doped on the surface with Se (IV) in order to increase the mechanical properties of the bonded joint reinforcing. Work will begin with the synthesis of monodisperse quasi-spherical TiO2 nanoparticles with a modal diameter of less than 20 nm, using the sol-gel technique. Se (IV) selenium surface doping changed the specimen’s chemistry and physics. Different initial concentrations of the doping element will be tested. Next, a physicochemical characterization of the different solid systems will be carried out in order to determine the effect of the doping element on the properties of titanium dioxide. Their morphology and size will be studied through transmission electron microscope observations; volume chemical composition by X-ray diffraction analysis, EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray), and XRF (X-ray fluorescence). The careful selection of 4% and 6% concentrations produced the optimumHadjez, Fayssal, Maouche, Hichem, Boumediri, Haithem, Chorfi, Sofiane, Boukelia, Taqiy Eddine
Journal Article
Path-Tracking Control for Four-Wheel Steer/Drive Agricultural Special Electric Vehicles Considering Stability2024-01-505104/25/2024
With the modernization of agriculture, the application of unmanned agricultural special vehicles is becoming increasingly widespread, which helps to improve agricultural production efficiency and reduce labor. Vehicle path-tracking control is an important link in achieving intelligent driving of vehicles. This paper designs a controller that combines path tracking with vehicle lateral stability for four-wheel steer/drive agricultural special electric vehicles. First, based on a simplified three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, a model predictive control (MPC) controller is used to calculate the front and rear axle angles. Then, according to the Ackermann steering principle, the four-wheel independent angles are calculated using the front and rear axle angles to achieve tracking of the target trajectory. For vehicle lateral stability, the sliding mode control (SMC) is used to calculate the required direct yaw moment control (DYC) of the vehicle, and wheel torque distributionHuang, Bin, Yang, Nuorong, Ma, Liutao, Wei, Lexia
Technical Paper
Titanium Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Flash-Welded Rings, 5Al - 2.5V - 4Sn - 1Co - 0.8Fe AnnealedAMS6903 (Current)04/25/2024
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars, forgings, and flash-welded rings up through 12.000 inches (304.80 mm), inclusive, in diameter or least distance between parallel sides, and stock of any size for forging or flash-welded rings. Bars, forgings, and flash-welded rings with a nominal thickness of 3.000 inches (79.20 mm) or greater shall have a maximum cross-sectional area of 113 square inches (729 cm2) (see 8.5AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Material Specification
Sealing Compound, Integral Fuel Tanks and General Purpose, Intermittent Use to 360 °F (182 °CAMS3276H (Current)04/25/2024
This specification covers fuel-resistant polysulfide (T) sealing compounds supplied as a two-component systemAMS G9 Aerospace Sealing Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 2.5Mg - 0.25Cr (5052-H32), Strain Hardened, Quarter-Hard, and StabilizedAMS4016N (Current)04/25/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.017 to 2.000 inches (0.43 to 50.80 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.6AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7160-T7651), 7.0Zn - 2.2Cu - 1.5Mg - 0.10Zr, Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and OveragedAMS4378A (Current)04/25/2024
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 1.000 to 6.000 inches (25.40 to 152.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Material Specification